So, when Jerome translated 1Samuel1:6, he chose the rabbinic interpretation rather than that of the LXX. In its depiction of Elkanahs two wives, the Bible contrasts Peninnah, who had children, and 6:6). We also see that the temporal Jerusalem, who had many children, is now waxed feeble. She had plenty of heartache because the Lord had closed up her womb without considering Peninnah as asource of conflict. deuteronomy - Does the Bible permit two wives? - Biblical Hermeneutics If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. And Anna would not pray aloud as do all men, for she took thought at that time saying: Lest perchance Ibe not worthy to be heard, and it shall be that Phenenna will envy me yet more and reproach me as she daily saith: Where is thy God in whom thou trustest? Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available here. 9) Yuji Ichioka, Amerika Nadeshiko: Japanese Immigrant Women in the United States, 1900-1924, Pacific Historical Review 49, no. Youre bound to have problems. Kedar-Kopfstein noted that Jerome also appears to have referenced rabbinic midrashim while translating the Hebrew text into Latin: When Jerome deems aphrase incomplete he may add some explanatory words; more often than not these reflect some midrash. A Peninah is an adversary. [Page 55]The tradition of the Jews, is, that when Hannah bore one child Peninnah buried two.33. But, in your version of the movie, nothing comes before their embrace at the front door; Ken and Anna dont sit at abooth inside the building, and Pearl never talks to them. The phenomenon of a courtship correspondence is a stark contrast to todays culture of dating. And Eli said unto her, How long wilt thou be drunken? And then the young woman walks away. And she vowed avow, and said, O Lord of hosts, if thou wilt indeed look on the affliction [ baoni] of thine handmaid, and remember me, and not forget thine handmaid, but wilt give unto thine handmaid aman child . What does the Bible says about having more than one wife? Here is how one viewer summarized the scene: Ken and Anna are sitting at abooth in alocal diner. Not proficient in Greek, Augustine used various translations of the old Latin texts of the Bible the Vetus Latinae in his writing and preaching. Elkanah. Portions Of those parts of the peace-offerings which belonged to the offerer. Then there follows, And your life is hid with Christ in God: behold how God makes the same alive! In Table 2, Icontrast 1Samuel1:67 from the KJV, Youngs Literal Translation (YLT), and the reworked passage: Like the reworked passage, YLT renders (tsaratah) as her adversity rather than her adversary. Oddly, this is not how historical mail-order brides worked, and this current phenomenon does not rely upon the mail, but rather the internet. Lilian Klein observed: Because the readers sympathies are directed toward the childless Hannah, Peninnah comes across as amalicious woman. Hannahs Adversity and Peninnahs Redemption, Complexities in the English Language of the Book of Mormon 2015, http://www.times.co.sz/letters/125648-the-spirit-of-peninah.html, https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/smith_chuck/c2000_1Sa/1Sa_001.cfm, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1998/03/hannah-devoted-handmaid-of-the-lord, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/old-testament-seminary-student-material-2018/1-samuel/lesson-82, https://www.sefaria.org/Pesikta_Rabbati.43.1, https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Yevamot.6.6, https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_I_Samuel.1.6, https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_I_Samuel.1.7, https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_I_Samuel.1.8, https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_I_Samuel.1.16, https://www.languagemagazine.com/blurring-the-line-between-language-and-culture/, https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/51438, https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/john-chrysostom-timeline, https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/peninnah-bible, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, And as he did so year by year, when she went up to the house of the LORD, so, So she did year by year, in going up to the house of the Lord; and. Hannah was one of two wives of a man named Elkanah who lived "in the hill country of Ephraim" near Shiloh. For example:36, Two women of the name of Anna are honourably named there the one, Elkanahs wife, who was the mother of holy Samuel; the other, the widow who recognized the Most Holy [Page 56]One when He was yet ababe. 1 Samuel 1:2 He had two wives, one named Hannah and the other Peninnah The earliest written commentary that mentions Peninnah comes from the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. It was likewise very unkind at that time to vex Hannah, not only because then they were in company, and others would take notice of it, but then Hannah was to mind her devotions, and desired to be most calm and composed, and free from disturbance. Either way, the whole situation leaves you puzzled and confused. By the use of this term he appears to be describing the Hebrew text of the Bible coupled with the rabbinic interpretation of the text. 23-30). It probably never occurred to Jerome that the textual and exegetical traditions of the LXX translators were different from the rabbinical tradition during his time. Tractate Bava Batra in the Babylonian Talmud tells us the following: Rabbi Levi says: Both Satan, who brought accusations against Job, and Peninnah, who tormented Hannah, mother of Samuel the prophet, acted with intent that was for the sake of Heaven. Each time Elkanah offered his sacrifice, he would give one share of the meat to . Not all of them hoped that the correspondence would lead to wedding bells, and were surprised when their pen-pal thought otherwise.27 Others started out with a lark and ended up with a husband. For Jerome always associated the image of the source or spring with Jewish learning and the Hebrew text, even before the phrase Hebraica veritas became part of his vocabulary. They simultaneously break from traditions of arranged marriages and also fail to resemble modern matrimonial customs. Verse 6. And since His voice is acknowledged in the prophecy, Thou wilt not leave my soul in hell, He has brought Him down to hell and brought Him up again. Like Chuck Smith and Adam Clarke, early 18th century minister Matthew Henry also identified Peninnah, the other wife, as the adversary. Henry, however, went even further; he seems to have created his own midrash on 1 Samuel. This choice of adversary or rival is an unexpected and unparalleled interpretation of the Hebrew noun (tsaratah), derived from the word (tsarah). Peninnah had children, but Hannah had none. But why? The Great Bible, published in 1540, in addition to naming Peninnah as the enemy, seems even to add arabbinic element to Tyndales paraphrase: And her enemye (Phenennah) vexed her sore contynually, to move her, because the Lord had made her barren. Holmes was found guilty of four counts of defrauding investors and will be sentenced in 2022. All cultures, in fact, are infused with folkloric traditions, but rarely are these traditions believed to be historically true. Civil War Facts. Accessed July 26, 2016. This Act identified being a convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge as reasons for immigration officials to deny entry into the United States.40 The 1891 amendment added a further stipulation that excluded anyone likely to become a public charge from entering the country. With regard to Peninnah, as it is written: And her rival wife also provoked her sore, to make her fret (I Samuel1:6), i.e., Peninnah upset Hannah in order to motivate her to pray [emphasis mine].18. Unaware, he asks: Anna, whats wrong? Consequently, he must either divorce her and marry someone else, or take another wife while still married to her.21. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. While reading with one of his Hebrew instructors, Jerome would have learned the meaning of the text as his teacher translated for him. If we assume that Hannah was fifteen years old when she married Elkanah, she would have been twenty-five when he married Peninnah. Peninnahs name has even been used by some as an offensive epithet, much like calling someone aJudas: In short who is aPeninah [sic]? After the end of her romance with Balwani, Holmes, who faces 20 years behind bars, went on to marry . Ancient Hebrew culture and 4th century rabbinic culture shared few linguistic or even religious commonalities. This midrash from Pseudo-Philo is avast departure from the LXX and Josephus. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.4, And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the Lord, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the Lord remembered her. by Tamar Kadari This illustration depicts Elkanah and his two wives, Peninnah and Hannah, returning to Ramah. From this verse it seems reasonable to conclude that Hannahs affliction her barrenness was the cause of her bitterness of soul: [Page 46]And she was in bitterness of soul [ marat nafesh], and prayed unto the Lord, and wept sore. In this passage Hannah prays for the thing that truly afflicts her, her inability to have ason. 1Sa 1:1-8. Of Elkanah and his Two Wives. - Bible Hub 1 There was a certain man of Ramathaim-zophim, of the hill country of Ephraim, named Elkanah son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephraimite. First, the interpretation of the noun (tsaratah) as her adversity (or another near-synonym) aligns with the overall meaning of the word in the Hebrew Bible. For comparison, Ishow the KJV, LXX, and reworked passages in Table 5. But it was very sinful at such atime to show her malice, when pure hands were to be lifted up at Gods altar without wrath and quarrelling. The key word in Jeromes Latin translation is mula, anoun derived from mulus. So she did year by year, in going up to the house of the Lord; and she was dispirited, and wept, and did not eat. According to this account, Hannah was not vexed by Peninnah, but depressed by her empty life. Do you have any reason to think the Bible doesn't permit two wives? 3 And this man went up out of his city yearly . Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. She was a remarkable woman but she wasn't always remarkable. Annie Doeffer chose to respond 'for amusement' to Bernhardt Dettermann's personal ad. [3.] Scholars presuppose the presence of schools for scribes linked to the crown by Davids time. 10) Clifford M. Drury, Nine Years with the Spokane Indians: The Diary, 1838-1848, of Elkanah Walker (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1976), 30-32. 22, Some women became mail-order brides not to advance their position or pursue their own goals, but simply to survive. Peninnah had children, but Hannah had none. With the broader acceptance of Jeromes Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible, this idea that Hannah had arival or enemy, and that it must be Peninnah, became ubiquitous within the Christian church. 27) Courtship by Mail Failed. New York Times (New York, NY), January 1, 1907, 1. Jacob married two sisters, because he was deceived by his father-in-law, Laban (ib. Meaning:God has purchased. Bible Study: Hannah & Eli - Zerubabbel Press 1 Samuel 1:2. So, following this teaching from the Mishnah, Elkanah would have been required to take asecond wife due to Hannahs barrenness. Throughout the story, the three experience life during biblical times. Peninnah: Midrash and Aggadah | Jewish Women's Archive The Greek Septuagint translation (hereafter LXX) of 1Samuel1 renders these verses in avery similar way to our reworked passage.
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